![]() ![]() For phytoplankton growth, iron represents an essential element, but is only needed in a small quantity as a micronutrient. Light can also affect iron bioavailability as ferric ions undergo photoreduction. For example, decreasing pH decreases the bioavailability of iron. Other factors can affect iron bioavailability. Microorganisms have their own strategies for the use of such bound iron. Indeed, in warm and well-oxygenated oceans, ferrous ion is quickly oxidized unless the majority of iron is bound to organic ligands. On the other hand, high temperature causes the rapid oxidation of ferrous ions. For example, in cold water with a low oxygen level, ferrous ions can be stable and do not undergo oxidation for some time. The oxidation rate of ferrous ions is generally dependent on environmental factors such as temperature, oxygen, light and pH. The most bioavailable forms of iron are found in picomolar/nanomolar concentrations of unchelated iron on surface waters. Unfortunately, they are unstable and can be quickly oxidized into insoluble ferric ions. Ferrous ions are the most bioavailable iron in biological systems as they are soluble. Several improvements and future modifications are suggested, and legal issues are discussed in this review.Īlthough iron is abundant, its bioavailability is limited due to its oxidation to insoluble ferric form. The main purpose of iron fertilization, for carbon dioxide sequestration and global warming mitigation, still remains to be fully realized and verified. On the other hand, side effects were also recorded. As the temporal and spatial scales of iron fertilization experiments are limited, the effects on fish productivity remain speculative. However, reservations remain as the outcomes are not as promising as were previously expected. Many climate geoengineering experiments in the form of ocean iron fertilization have been conducted globally in order to achieve such a purpose. In addition, algal proliferation will hopefully lead to enhancement in biodiversity, Biological pump, fish productivity and, subsequently marine food industry. ![]() This, in turn, will reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and increase oxygen, thereby decreasing global warming, and achieving ecological balance. ![]() Therefore, iron fertilization has been proposed to increase algal biomass and photosynthesis. Iron limitation in vast water bodies has been linked to decreased algal productivity, despite different iron-acquiring mechanisms, and the presence of ferritin in many algal species that act as an iron internal reservoir. ![]()
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